Foundational
Climate Finance
The flow of money (public, private, and blended) directed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, building resilience, and managing climate-related risks across the global economy.
Adaptation vs Mitigation
Two distinct strategies for dealing with climate change. Mitigation cuts the emissions causing it; adaptation prepares for the impacts that are already coming regardless.
Climate Litigation
Legal action against governments, corporations, or financial institutions, aimed at compelling climate action, penalising climate inaction, or challenging misleading climate claims.
GHG Scopes
The three-category framework for classifying where a company's greenhouse gas emissions actually come from: what it burns directly, the energy it buys, and the full chain of activity that surrounds its products.
Greenwashing
Making misleading claims (through action, omission, or emphasis) about the environmental credentials of a product, strategy, or organisation.
Greenwashing Typology
A practical taxonomy of the six main patterns of misleading environmental communication, from hiding in crowds to blaming consumers.
Just Transition
The principle that the shift to a low-carbon economy must be fair, protecting workers and communities that bear the heaviest costs, and ensuring the benefits are broadly shared.
Net Zero vs Carbon Neutral
Two terms that sound interchangeable but represent fundamentally different levels of ambition, and the difference matters enormously for credibility, regulation, and climate outcomes.
Physical Risks
The financial and economic damage caused directly by climate change, through extreme weather events, shifting weather patterns, and the gradual transformation of natural systems.
Stranded Assets
Assets that lose value earlier or more severely than expected due to climate-related risks, whether from physical damage, policy change, or market shifts, often with no prospect of recovery.
The 1.5°C Threshold
The temperature limit central to the Paris Agreement, 1.5°C of warming above pre-industrial levels, that scientists identify as the boundary beyond which climate impacts become significantly more severe and some become irreversible.
Transition Risks
The financial risks that arise not from climate change itself, but from the economic, policy, and social shifts required to move to a low-carbon economy.